ABSTRACT
During the COVID-19 lockdown, the dramatic reduction of anthropogenic emissions provided a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of reduced anthropogenic activity and primary emissions on atmospheric chemical processes and the consequent formation of secondary pollutants. Here, we utilize comprehensive observations to examine the response of atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) to the changes in the atmospheric chemical cocktail. We find that the main clustering process was unaffected by the drastically reduced traffic emissions, and the formation rate of 1.5 nm particles remained unaltered. However, particle survival probability was enhanced due to an increased particle growth rate (GR) during the lockdown period, explaining the enhanced NPF activity in earlier studies. For GR at 1.5–3 nm, sulfuric acid (SA) was the main contributor at high temperatures, whilst there were unaccounted contributing vapors at low temperatures. For GR at 3–7 and 7–15 nm, oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) played a major role. Surprisingly, OOM composition and volatility were insensitive to the large change of atmospheric NOx concentration;instead the associated high particle growth rates and high OOM concentration during the lockdown period were mostly caused by the enhanced atmospheric oxidative capacity. Overall, our findings suggest a limited role of traffic emissions in NPF.
ABSTRACT
Hot water is good for throat, but the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) hidden behind sinuses about 3-4 days. There was no way through which the warm water would reach behind sinuses. The virus that is hiding behind the sinuses enters the lungs within 4 to 5 days and causes respiratory problems. Inhaling vapor reaches the back of the sinuses. Steam inhalation thins mucus and clears nasal passages and reduces inflammation of the upper respiratory tract or inhibits viral replication due to the heat of the steam. The virus is paralyzed at 50 ° C. The virus becomes so weak at 60 0C that it can be resisted by the human immune system. The virus is completely dead at 70 °C. COVID-19 can be killed by breathing vapours through the nose and mouth, according to doctors. Symptoms of mild to moderate infection (COVID-19) usually disappear through vapor inhalation. If everyone started a week-long streaming campaign, the pandemic would end soon. The deadly COVID-19 is likely to be eliminated if everyone inhales steam during the week. There are no negative consequences to this exercise, and it is inexpensive. This review article describes the benefits of inhalation of steam and its use as an adjunct treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Direct solar vapor generation (SVG) provides a sustainable and eco‐friendly solution to the current global water scarcity challenges. However, existing SVG systems operating under natural sunlight suffer from low water yield and high energy requirement of vaporization. New materials with reduced latent heat of water vaporization are in urgent demand to boost SVG process. Herein, we propose a novel strategy to additively fabricate anisotropic hybrid 3D structure from photocurable thermoresponsive p(NIPAm‐co‐PEGDA) hydrogel on the top of PEGDA foam for SVG. The in‐situ post‐printing synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles within the p(NIPAm‐co‐PEGDA) hydrogel on the top surface, thus introducing anisotropy, is achieved by adding metallic salt precursor into the printing solution. The as‐fabricated hydrogel composite structure exhibits superior light absorption properties and rapid capillary‐driven water transport through a 3D‐printed microchannel network within the hydrogel. As a result, our SVG device achieves an extraordinary water evaporation rate of 5.12 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun (1 kW/m2). The intrinsic water activation states, in addition to wettability modulation with temperature increase within p(NIPAm‐co‐PEGDA) hydrogel, plays a critical role in reducing the equivalent vaporization enthalpy and shifting the vaporization to relatively lower temperatures. The proposed hybrid SVG device is feasible, portable, and highly efficient, promising great potential for grand water‐energy nexus challenges.